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Strain and vibration
can be commonly measured using strain-gauge sensors. The strain-gauge
is a strain dependent resistor whose value has very little displacements
from the nominal value. The displacement can be some percentage
of the nominal value, few Ohm from a typical value of 120 Ohm.
Due to the electronic noise the resistor value measurement is
very difficult. Usually the strain-gauge is installed in one or
two Wheatstone bridge branches. The bridge unbalance is amplified
by a differential amplifier. The sensor is glued on the part under
test, often in a difficult access situation. Whenever this happens
the strain-gauge is connected to the front-end electronics by
cables long enough resulting in one or more of the following troubles:
· the connection cables ohmic resistance
can cause a voltage drop. This results in a wrong bridge drive
and consequently in a wrong measurement because the sensitivity
depends from such bridge voltage drive. When possible the problem
can be avoided reducing the connection length or using a Kelvin
probe;
· the connection cables can be microfonic
enough to worsen the measurement. Also in this case cutting the
cables length reduce the problem.
· the strain-gauges are low value
resistors so the relevant measurement is very sensitive to the
surrounding electro-magnetic fields. Every electro-magnetic source
as an electric motor or a power inverter must be kept as
far away as possible. Often the measurement cannot be performed
far away from some of these noisy sources.
Many times the troubles
explained above are avoidable performing a good choice in the
cable quality and in the way the sensor is cabled. In other situations
the sensor cabling is impossible, for example measuring the strain
and the vibration of a rotating shaft. The WaLruS and the WWaLruS
are electronic equipments for solving all the cabling troubles
in the strain-gauge data acquisition. The WaLruS and the WWaLruS
are very compact electronic equipments so they can be installed
very close to the sensor bridges. Using the WaLruS and the WWaLruS
the physical connection between the sensor and the front-end electronics
can be reduced to millimetric length. Moreover the WaLruS and
the WWaLruS outputs are just digital data, ready for a direct
acquisition via a common Personal Computer serial port. The resolution
of the output data is 10 bits, the output data rate is 1 kHz data
rate for the WaLruS and 2 kHz for the WWaLruS. The WaLruS is connected
to the PC via a radio-link, overcoming every situation of impossible
cable connection. The rotating shaft is one example. The WWaLruS
is even smaller than the WaLruS and it's connected to the PC via
a four wires cable.. The WWaLruS output data travel through the
cable just in digital format. This results in excellent noise
immunity. So the WWaLruS is the best choice whenever the measurement
must be performed in very noisy environmental conditions or very
far away from the PC. Because of its small dimensions the WWaLruS
is suitable in every narrow space situation. Both WaLruS and WWaLruS
perform an high performance a high quality digital acquisition
of strain gauge at very low price.
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The WaLruS system
The following figure illustrates the WaLruS system.
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As depicted in the figure
above, the WaLruS transmitter circuit hosts an analog front-end,
an auto balancing circuit and a Wheatstone bridge. The transmitter
physical dimensions are very small. The printed circuit board of
WaLruS transmitter encloses a small loop antenna. Optionally the
user can replace the loop with a short wire. In this way the WaLruS
become smaller. The overall transmitter dimensions are about 24.13
X 34.54 mm, removing the loop antenna it becomes about 24.13 X 23.75
mm (see fig.).
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| Unlike the
analog systems the TX transmits just a digital data stream. The sensor
signal is amplified (on request to 5000X) and sampled at 1 kHz rate
(10 bits resolution). The extremely small path between the transducer
and the front-end electronics results in a very low electromagnetic
environmental noise. The WaLruS receiver (RX) is designed using a
very new circuit solution. It encloses all the radio-frequency section
(FSK receiver), the local oscillator that is a DDS type followed by
a PLL up-converter. The RX uses a micro controller for the tuning
and for the RSSI acquisition. The output of the receiver, for the
PC data connection, is a serial RS-232C standard port for the PC data
connection. The data stream coming from the RX can be displayed on
the PC screen and recorded in a file for further elaborations. The
software is enclosed with the equipment. |
The WWaLruS system
The following figure illustrates the WiredWaLruS system. |
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Also for the WWaLruS
the front-end circuit is complete of Wheatstone bridge with analog
circuit, auto balancing system and analog to digital converterThe
WWaLruS front-end circuit consist of a Wheatstone bridge, a precision
instrumentation amplifier an auto balancing system and an analog
to digital converter. The WWaLruS physical dimensions are even smaller
then the WaLruS TX because of the aerial lack. The circuit is powered
directly by the four wires connection cable and is about 15.24 X
22.23 mm (see fig.).
Unlike the analog
systems the WWaLruS also transmits just a digital data stream. The
sensor signal is amplified (on request up to 5000X) and sampled
at 2 kHz rate (10 bits resolution). The extremely small path between
the transducer and the front-end electronics results in a very low
electromagnetic environmental noise. The WWaLruS PC interface card
hosts the power supply and the RS232C standard interface. The front-end
power supply can be remotely switched on or off via software. The
digital data travels on the wire in balanced mode resulting in a
long path capability and low noise emission. The front panel dimensions
of the PC interface cards are close to a standard DB9 connector.
In this way the User can directly plug it in the standard serial
port connectors behind the all PC's. The data stream coming from
the RX can be displayed on the PC screen and recorded in a file
for further elaborations. The software is enclosed with the equipment.
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Technical
specifications:
WaLruS_TX:
- Gain range: 1 to
5000 on request
- Analog bandwidth:
DC to 500 Hz
- Bridge auto balancing:
automatic at power-on
- Sampling frequency:
1kHz
- Resolution: 10bit
- TX operating frequency:
380 MHz to 450 MHz (433.6 MHz standard)
- Output TX power:
on request -10 dBm to +6 dBm
- Range: 0.5 m to
20 m depending upon conditions
- Power supply: 3.2V
to 3.6V battery
- Battery autonomy:
3 to 9 hours depending upon strain-gauge and output power
- Dimensions: 24.13
X 34.54 mm with aerial 24.13 X 23.75 mm without
aerial
WaLruS_RX:
- Supply: 220 VAC,
8-15 VDC
- Frequency: 430 MHz
- 440 MHz 100 Hz step
- Outputs: analog
datum, digital datum, threshold level, RS232C, optionally IFa
- IF: 10.7 MHz single
conversion
- Dimensions: 120
X 85 X 32 mm
WWalruS_Frontend:
- Gain range: 1 to
5000 on request
- Analog bandwidth:
DC to 1000 Hz
- Bridge auto balancing:
power-on or via software
- Sampling frequency:
2kHz
- Resolution: 10bit
- Max cable length:
50m more on request
- Dimensions: 15.24
X 22.23 mm
WaLruS_Interface:
- Power supply: 8-15
VDC
- Output: RS232C null-modem
- Dimensions: 80 X
32 X 12 mm
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Customisation
capability:
WaLruS
and WWaLruS systems can be used with much other kind of transducers.
On request AGE Scientific can customize WaLruS and WWaLruS for other
applications or sensors.
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